Who Left Egypt?: What the Sciences Establish—and They Cannot Establish

What can archaeology, genetics, and the historical sciences actually tell us about the Exodus?For generations, the debate has been framed as a stark choice: either the biblical account has been proved, or modern scholarship has refuted it. Who Left Egypt? rejects that false alternative.Drawing on archaeology, Egyptology, radiocarbon dating, ancient DNA, historical linguistics, geophysics, and research into collective memory, this book examines the Exodus claim by claim. How many people could have left Egypt? Can the cities of Pithom and Ramesses be identified? What do the Sinai surveys, the Merneptah Stele, the destruction layers at Jericho and Hazor, and the genetics of ancient Levantine populations actually establish?Each piece of evidence is separated from its interpretation, measured against the precise claim it can test, and assigned a limited verdict: established, supported, compatible, contradicted, indeterminate, or currently untestable.Written for believers, skeptics, and readers of biblical history alike, Who Left Egypt? offers neither apologetics nor debunking. It provides something more useful: a rigorous map of what the evidence shows, what it does not show, and what discoveries could still change the debate.