They Knew: The Paper Trail of Corporate Harm

Before the recall, the diagnosis, the crash, or the explosion, there was often a document. In They Knew, Ethan Hayes reconstructs twenty cases in which companies possessed internal evidence of serious danger while a product or practice remained in use. Drawing on internal memoranda, scientific studies, engineering reports, regulatory files, congressional hearings, litigation, and criminal cases, the book traces what corporations knew, when they knew it, what the public was told, and why meaningful action came later. The cases span OxyContin, asbestos-contaminated talc, PFOA and PFAS, PCBs, the Ford Pinto, GM's ignition switch, Trasylol, Zyprexa, Vioxx, hormone therapy, Agent Orange, infant-formula marketing, the 737 MAX, Takata airbags, San Bruno, Deepwater Horizon, the Galaxy Note 7, Uber's self-driving program, and Exxon's climate research. The evidence was not identical. Some conduct resulted in corporate guilty pleas. Some was established by regulators, courts, or independent investigations. Other claims remain disputed. Hayes preserves those distinctions while revealing a repeated institutional sequence: an early signal appeared, knowledge fragmented across departments, public language narrowed, and exposure continued until a lawsuit, whistleblower, investigation, disaster, or recall opened the files. Serious, documented, and centered on the people who absorbed the risk, They Knew is an account of decisions made under uncertainty-and of the paper trails showing that uncertainty was never the same as ignorance.