RULES BY OMISSION: Limits to cooperative associativity in Chile.

Rules by omission. Cooperative Activity Restricted in Chile examines a decisive and surprisingly persistent phenomenon: the exclusion of cooperatives from strategic sectors of the Chilean economy not of explicit prohibitions, but of regulatory omissions that have been naturalized for more than sixty years. This institutionality restricts freedom of association, reduces organizational diversity, and consolidates a model where only public limited companies can operate in market areas such as banking, pensions, insurance, and public service companiesThe analysis dialogues with the hermeneutical and phenomenological tradition and contrasts with international experiences.Chilean hybrid housing cooperative. 50 Years of activity, chapter II of this book addresses the case of open housing, hybrid or dual housing cooperatives, so known in academia, whose trajectory in Chile shows that the combination of business efficiency and associative solidarity is a real source of innovation and social cohesion with results that stand out in the real estate sector for vulnerable, middle-income and market segments. This cooperative phenomenon associating the company with the communities of members.