Risk Factors of Dental Caries: Etiology and Predisposing

Dental caries is a chronic, multifactorial disease and one of the most common oral health problems worldwide. It develops through the interaction of cariogenic microorganisms, susceptible tooth surfaces, fermentable carbohydrates, and time. Historically uncommon in prehistoric humans, its prevalence increased with changes in diet and civilization. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, frequent sugar consumption, reduced salivary flow, inadequate fluoride exposure, socioeconomic status, and lack of dental awareness. The disease process involves demineralization of tooth structure caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism. Early diagnosis and risk assessment are essential for prevention and management. Preventive measures such as fluoride use, dietary modification, oral hygiene maintenance, regular dental visits, and public health education play a vital role in reducing caries incidence. Understanding the etiology, epidemiology, and preventive strategies of dental caries is important for effective clinical and community-based oral healthcare.