Propolis: From Composition to Biological Activity

Nature has always been an inexhaustible source of remedies and therapeutic inspiration for humankind. Among the natural substances that have stood the test of time without losing their significance, propolis holds a unique place. A fascinating product of the bees' labour, it embodies the union between the plant and animal kingdoms, giving rise to a complex matrix with remarkable biological properties. Used by bees as a protective material within the hive, propolis plays an essential role in defending against pathogens and in maintaining the colony's microbiological balance. Its rich chemical composition, characterised by a wide variety of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, gives it a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. Over the past few decades, scientific interest in propolis has grown considerably, particularly against a backdrop marked by the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the resurgence of chronic diseases and the search for natural alternatives.