Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics: Principles, Methods, Calculations Clinical Applications

Medicines generate their most important evidence after they enter real-world use, where patterns of exposure, treatment outcomes, safety signals and healthcare costs must be interpreted at population level. Written for Pharm.D students, this book develops the principles needed to evaluate medicine use, risk and economic value with methodological and clinical relevance.The pharmacoepidemiology section progresses from outcome and drug-use measures, medication adherence and risk estimation to study designs, drug-utilisation review, meta-analysis, spontaneous reporting, prescription event monitoring and major healthcare data sources. The pharmacoeconomics section examines cost concepts, clinical, economic and humanistic outcomes, QALY and DALY, major economic evaluation methods, ICER, budget impact, formulary decision-making and the use of analytical software and decision models.Worked calculations, synthetic case scenarios, model answers and structured revision material reinforce interpretation rather than formula memorisation. By linking epidemiological reasoning with cost-outcome analysis and formulary decisions, the book supports systematic learning, quantitative competence and the professional judgement required in clinical pharmacy, drug-safety evaluation and healthcare resource allocation.