Operating System Concepts

This book is a comprehensive, student-oriented book that presents the fundamental principles, concepts, algorithms, and practical applications of operating systems. It explains the role of an operating system as an interface between users and hardware, a resource manager, and a control program. The book covers operating-system structures, services, types, and essential concepts of processes, threads, CPU scheduling, and concurrency, including FCFS, SJF, Priority, and Round-Robin scheduling. It provides detailed treatment of deadlocks and memory management, including prevention, avoidance, the Banker's Algorithm, paging, segmentation, demand paging, page faults, and FIFO, Optimal, and LRU page replacement. The book also introduces file systems and Linux, covering Linux architecture, directories, kernel, shell, utilities, and system operations. Practical exposure is provided through Shell and Linux commands, shell scripting, redirection, piping, background processing, and Bash, Korn, and C Shell. Numerical problems, command-based exercises, case studies, and practical examples connect theory with real-world applications.