NAPOLEON: EUROPE'S FIRST MEME LORD

He conquered less territory than Genghis Khan, held power for a shorter time than Queen Victoria, and lost his final war so completely that his name became a synonym for overreach. Two centuries later a child who has never opened a history book can still draw him: hat, coat, hand tucked into the waistcoat. Three strokes. No other ruler in European history compresses that well. Napoleon Bonaparte was the first leader to understand that an image travels faster than an army, and the first to build one deliberately for speed of copying. He wrote his own war reports and released them on a schedule. He told his painters what reality ought to have looked like. He shortened his own name until it fit on a coin. He commissioned a visual system of bees, eagles and a single capital letter, and stamped it onto furniture, uniforms, wallpaper and the imagination of a continent. This book follows the form he invented, not the man who wore it. It examines the engravings and the printing presses, the semaphore towers that set the speed limit of empire, the British cartoonists who fought back with better weapons than the British navy, the one country where the image refused to stick, and the winter that proved reality cannot be edited. Then it follows the form after his death, through the memoir he dictated in exile, the nephew it selected, the psychological term it invented, the layered pastry that carries his name in honor of his defeat, and finally into an experiment in which his words were quietly replaced with somebody else's and almost nobody noticed. >Napoleon Bonaparte, propaganda, media history, cultural transmission, image-making, memes, Napoleonic Wars