Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution by Peter Kropotkin, originally published 1902. Published in book form in 1902 from essays written against reductive competitive readings of evolution. Kropotkin assembles evidence across animal life and human history to show cooperation as a durable force in survival and social development. A foundational text for the study of cooperation, mutualism, anarchist thought, and the social dimensions of evolutionary argument.This Clearview Editions hardcover is 7 x 10 inches and set in a large-print format for sustained reading. Measured body text is AtkinsonHyperlegibleNext at 17.9 points on 26.9-point baseline spacing.This edition follows the 1919 Alfred A. Knopf text and includes Kropotkin's later Preface, dated November 24, 1914. The historical index entries are retained, with page references adapted to this large-print setting. The Appendix omitted from the 1919 reprint is not included.