Molecular Therapeutics for Diabetes and Related Complications

Despite conventional treatments, such as insulin therapy, along with newer glucose-lowering medications such as metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and insulin sensitizers, diabetes is still a major global health problem. The identification of novel therapeutic approaches is required that can increase effectiveness and decrease side effects. Specific drug targets are needed to maintain the molecular pathways related to secondary diabetic complications. Recent studies also suggest the use of novel plant products and antioxidants as potential therapeutic agents. However, the mechanisms through which these compounds control diabetes and its associated complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, need further exploration. The identification of specific molecular therapeutics will help to surpass the benefits of conventional therapies, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality linked to diabetic complications. While recent preclinical studies have identified promising molecular targets, further clinical trials are needed to translate these findings into clinical practice. Furthermore, manipulating molecular metabolic pathways through inflammatory and immune responses, and exploring microRNAs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy, could serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this Reprint, we compile some state-of-the-art insights into the role of novel molecular therapeutics in ameliorating diabetes and related complications.