Cystatin C vs creatinine GFR in Type 2 Diabetic nephropathy: Comparison, Correlation & Evaluation of C-Based with Creatinine-Based Nephropathy.

This work evaluates and compares cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with creatinine-based GFR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy. T2DM is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, often remaining undiagnosed for years while causing progressive complications. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to both macrovascular and microvascular complications, including diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, characterised by proteinuria, declining GFR, and hypertension. Its progression involves mechanisms such as advanced glycation end product formation, oxidative stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and renal fibrosis. Early detection through markers like microalbuminuria and accurate estimation of GFR is essential to prevent disease progression. The study highlights cystatin C as a promising biomarker for assessing renal function due to its stable production and minimal influence from factors like muscle mass, age, and gender, unlike creatinine.