Bioceramics in Endodontics

Bioceramics have transformed endodontics by providing biocompatibility, bioactivity, and regenerative potential. These materials mimic hydroxyapatite, allowing direct bonding with bone and dentin while stimulating osteogenesis. They are classified into bioinert, resorbable, coated metals, and bioactive types, with bioactive bioceramics being most significant for integration with hard tissues. Clinically, they are applied in root-end fillings, perforation repairs, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal sealers, and regenerative scaffolds, with MTA, Biodentine, and EndoSequence BC Sealer among the most used. Advances such as nanostructured forms, polymer hybrids, and CAD/CAM integration have expanded their scope, while regenerative scaffolds with growth factors or stem cells signal a move toward true tissue regeneration. Despite their promise, challenges like microleakage, cytotoxicity, handling issues, and high costs persist, requiring standardized protocols and long-term trials. The future lies in multidisciplinary research, refining formulations, exploring novel compounds, and tailoring materials to patient-specific needs, positioning bioceramics as indispensable tools.