Artificial Intelligence, Explainability, and Power: Historical Foundations, Technical Paradigms, Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century

This book is based on an academic conviction: artificial intelligence cannot be studied solely as a technology. Reducing it to a tool amounts to ignoring the historical, epistemological, political, and moral conditions that make its development possible. AI does not arise in a vacuum; it is the result of an intellectual genealogy where mathematical logic, cybernetics, cognitive psychology, computer science, statistics, data engineering, neuroscience, the philosophy of language, and the political economy of information converge. Therefore, understanding AI requires reconstructing its history, distinguishing its technical paradigms, analyzing its social effects, and discussing the ethical frameworks that should guide its use.Ever since Alan Turing's opening question-posed in 1950 in the article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"-the problem of artificial intelligence has been linked to a fundamental tension: should intelligence be understood as an internal quality of the mind or as an observable capacity to produce functionally intelligent responses?